"Kill your darlings "
(一)
Stephen White 谈写作风格,说作家往往过份讲究文句之抑扬顿挫,陶醉在自己创造的文字声色之中。他说,有一位文章大家曾经下令写作的人必须忍痛杀掉笔下的一些心肝宝贝(“Kill your darlings ”)。文章里诱人的一字、一句、一段,往往只顾引人入胜而不守本份,读者於是叹为观止而忘其所以(“Words, sentences, paragraphs that call much attention to themselves are not doing the job they are intended to do. While the reader is paying them due reverence, he is likely to ignore the message they were meant to convey ”)。文体家沉浮字海数十年,必定身经千万次这种割爱之苦。艺术求“巧”,死练技术,经年累月,也许不难办到。求“拙”最不容易,以“巧”做根基,加上浓烈的看破世情的悟道之心,然后反璞,然后淡泊,然后不露经营,然后见“拙”。文章字句诱人是“巧”的功力;杀掉这些巧妙之处,为的正是追求就事论事、依情说情的“常道”。此中牵涉太多的阅历。路易十四的近亲Liselotte 书信集里说,才艺之士不宜太过饱学,反而不可不谙世故、通人情;人情世故书中学不到,全靠阅历(“ It is not at all suitable for people of great quality to be very learned, but highly necessary for them to know the world and be able to deal with people, and they can't learn that from books but only from experience ”)。
(二)
当然,文章句子绵绵诱人,未必是些风花雪月的描述,也未必是引经据典的段落。读书消化,阅世通达,即便是说风说花说雪说月,也另有意境;经典也可以引得自然顺当。有一次,我在英国图书馆里翻书,书页之间偶然掉出一张小小的牛皮纸,上面录了George Eliot的一段话,说是她们到大英博物馆去看书,视之为求知之畏途。她说,要是她有一盏阿拉丁神灯就好,要看什么书一说就有(“We are going now to the British Museum to read - a fearful way of getting knowledge. If I had Aladdin's lamp I should certainly use it to get books served up to me at a moment's notice”)。阿拉丁神灯典故人人皆知,用在这样浅显的句子里,表达这样浅显的心愿,既有笔墨,又有情致。那张破牛皮纸上的字迹很娟秀,墨水都褪了色。我抄下这段话,把破纸插回书页里去。
(三)
“拙”而成趣,那是造化。李可染的画磅礴之中不脱稚气,功力欲敛弥彰,当代少见。文字说“拙”,可以领会,殊难言传。我看求得简练已经太好了。英文说 I miss you very much,那是客套;说I miss you,有点真情;弃掉一个字,说miss you,跟中文的“想你”一样,简直是甜甜的悄悄话,学亦舒说的,教人“感动得软软的”,“谁还吃得消”。Christina Foyle坐计程车,司机跟她聊天,突然说:人老了不机灵有什么用(“ What is the good of getting old, if you don't get artful ”)。“机灵”毕竟是艺术的灵魂;笨笨的有什么看头,不如杀掉它。